Abstract Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method based on the different levels of opposition to the flow of an ionic current through the different body tissues. Results are expressed by primary measures of resistance (Rs) and reactance (Xs). From such measures, equations are applied to determine the phase angle (PA) and impedance (Z). Bioimpedance analysis has been indicated as a reliable and precise method to determine the body composition and nutritional status in humans. BIA has recently been adapted to be applied on animal production. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an analysis on the potential use of bioelectrical impedance on zootechnical production. Through BIA, correlations among bioelectrical measures and tissue composition of swine, bovine, ovine, bubaline and fish carcasses can be established. In this regard, a growing number of demands were led by more precise and cost-effective methods to evaluate the body composition in the zootechnical sector, in which the analysis of bioelectrical impedance proved to be a promising and minimally invasive technology to replace traditional methods.

Resumen El análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (AIB) es un método basado en los diferentes niveles de oposición al flujo de una corriente iónica a través de los diversos tejidos corporales. Los resultados se expresan mediante medidas primarias de resistencia (Rs) y reactancia (Xs). A partir de estas medidas, se aplican ecuaciones para determinar el ángulo de fase (AF) y la impedancia (Z). El análisis de bioimpedancia ha sido indicado como un método fiable y preciso para determinar la composición corporal y el estado nutricional en los seres humanos. El AIB se ha adaptado recientemente para ser aplicado en la producción animal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un análisis sobre el uso potencial de la impedancia bioeléctrica en la producción zootécnica. A través del AIB se pueden establecer correlaciones entre las medidas bioeléctricas y la composición de los tejidos de los cadáveres de los cerdos, los bovinos, los ovinos, los bufalinos y los peces. En este sentido, entre el número creciente de demandas destaca la de contar con métodos más precisos y rentables para evaluar la composición corporal en el sector zootécnico, entre los que el análisis de la impedancia bioeléctrica demostró ser una tecnología prometedora y mínimamente invasiva para reemplazar los métodos tradicionales.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and different nitrogen (N) rates applied as topdressing on the productivity of a maize crop and the nutritional value of maize silage. Two experiments were conducted in the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 harvests. Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement, which consisted of two maize hybrids (AS 1572 and Defender) coupled with nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg ha-1), inoculated or uninoculated with A. brasilense. Inoculated seeds were treated with the A. brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6. Inoculation with A. brasilense showed interaction with the hybrids, agricultural years, and nitrogen rates for the maize plant yield. In the 2012/2013 agricultural year, inoculation increased the AS 1572 hybrid silage yield by 6.16% and, in the 2013/2014 harvest, A. brasilense inoculation produced an increase of 16.15% for the Defender hybrid. Nitrogen fertilization applied at 0, 60, and 120 kg ha-1 N benefited the plants inoculated with A. brasilense. The statistical equations revealed that N rates between 0 and 184 kg ha-1 in A. brasilense inoculated plants raised the plant productivity for silage when compared with the control plants. Regarding the nutritional value of the silage, inoculation with A. brasilense increased the ether extract levels and total digestible nutrients and reduced the amount of acid detergent fiber. For all this, positive results with inoculation for silage yield are dependent on nitrogen fertilization rate. Inoculation with A. brasilense can promote changes in the maize silage quality, but with obtained results it is not possible to definitely conclude upon nutritive value of maize silage.